Selected Research Achievements & Articles
2025
AI Tool DOLPHIN Uncovers Hidden Disease Markers Inside Single Cells
Jun Ding and his team developed DOLPHIN, an artificial intelligence tool that takes single-cell transcriptomics to the next level. Unlike conventional methods that collapse RNA changes into a single count per gene, DOLPHIN zooms in on the smaller building blocks of genes, exons and junctions, to reveal crucial variation often hidden from view. Song et al., Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 4;16(1):6202.
Breakthrough Discovery in Gut Health
Research by Irah King and his team has uncovered a new way the immune system protects the gut, even when intestinal worms (helminths) are present for long periods. This research could lead to new treatments for digestive diseases. Westfall et al., Cell. 2025 Jun 12;188(12):3135-3151.e22.
Breakthrough to Boost Bladder Cancer Treatment
Maziar Divangahi and team have discovered that adding a natural molecule called β-glucan, found in fungi, can make BCG therapy much more powerful in eliminating bladder cancer. β-glucan helps train immune cells in the bone marrow to better fight cancer. Jurado et al., Immunity. 2025 Jun 19:S1074-7613(25)00247-X.
UNAGI: Simulating Disease to Discover New Treatments with AI
Jun Ding and his team created an AI tool called UNAGI, which can simulate how diseases develop in human cells. This virtual approach allows researchers to test how different drugs might work. Zheng et al., Nat Biomed Eng. 2025 Jun 20.
New AI Tool Reveals Hidden Clues to Disease Outcomes
Jun Ding, Simon Rousseau, and Gregory Fonseca co-developed a powerful new tool called RAMEN that could transform how we understand and treat complex diseases like COVID-19, sepsis, and COPD. RAMEN uses a unique combination of two AI techniques—absorbing random walks and genetic algorithms—to analyze clinical data and uncover relationships between symptoms, lab results, and disease outcomes that traditional methods miss. Xiong et al., Cell Rep Methods. 2025 Apr 21;5(4):101022.
Discovery Reveals How the Immune System Protects the Gut Without Killing the Infection
Research published in Cell by Irah King has uncovered a surprising immune defense mechanism that protects the gut during persistent infection. By studying helminths (intestinal worms) Dr. King and his team found that certain immune signals, called interferons, don’t attack the worms directly but instead act on the intestine’s structural cells (stromal cells) to limit damage and maintain gut function. Westfall et al. Cell. 2025 Apr 22:S0092-8674(25)00395-2.
McGill TB Experts Publish Major Lancet Article on Tuberculosis
Researchers from the McGill International TB Centre and The Institute have published a major seminar in The Lancet on tuberculosis, highlighting the urgent need for better diagnosis, treatment, and care. Their work combines the latest research with patient experiences to guide global efforts toward eliminating TB. Trajman et al., The Lancet. 2025. 405(10481).
PAP Therapy Shows Promise for Improving Cognitive Function in Parkinson’s Disease
New research from Bryan Ross and Jean Bourbeau shows that nearly one in three people with COPD may be using inhalers that aren’t suited to their breathing strength. Pankovitch et al., Chest. 2025 Mar;167(3):736-745.
Vaping Cannabis Could Harm Your Lungs
Two recent studies by Carolyn Baglole, David Eidelman, and their team found that cannabis vapour contains harmful chemicals, including carcinogens and agents toxic to the lungs. These substances can trigger stress responses and gene expression changes in human lung cells, similar to those caused by smoking cannabis. Wilson et al., Cell Biol Toxicol. 2025 Mar 8;41(1):57. and Arlen et al., Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2025 Mar 1;328(3):L478-L496.
Many COPD Patients May be Using the Wrong Inhaler
A new study from Marta Kaminska suggests that treating obstructive sleep apnea with Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy may help improve cognitive function in people with Parkinson’s disease. This research provides evidence that PAP therapy could play a role in managing neurodegeneration-related symptoms and may even have a protective effect on brain health. Lajoie et al., Sleep. 2025 Feb 13:zsaf038.
Beta-glucan can ‘Reprogram’ Immune Cells With Promising Results
A recent study led by Maziar Divangahi found that beta-glucan, a component in all fungi, can protect against flu-related lung damage. Administering beta-glucan to mice before flu exposure reduced lung damage, improved lung function, and lowered illness and death rates. Khan et al., Nat immunol. 2025 Feb;26(2):174-187.
Promising New Treatment to Prevent Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Exciting new research, led by a global team including Dick Menzies and Andrea Benedetti has shown that the antibiotic levofloxacin could significantly reduce the risk of MDR-TB. Fox et al., N Engl J Med. 2024 Dec 19;391(24):2304-2314.
Wearables: A Game Changer for COPD Care
New study by Bryan Ross shows how wearable technologies can revolutionize the management of COPD by monitoring symptoms at home to identify patters that predict recovery or worsening of COPD exacerbations. Coutu et al. EBioMedicine. 2024 Dec;110:105472.
2024
Dysanapsis Genetic Risk Predicts Lung Function Across the Lifespan
In this study led by Ben Smith, researchers analyzed DNA from nearly 12,000 adults with chest CT scans to uncover genetic factors behind dysanapsis—a mismatch between airway and lung size. They identified 21 genetic signals in 19 regions, some near genes tied to lung development. A resulting genetic risk score was linked to reduced lung function in both children as young as five and adults, showing that inherited traits may influence lung health throughout life. Debban et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Dec 15;210(12):1421-1431.
Gut Fungus: A Hidden Ally in Fighting Parasites
Work by Irah King and collaborators uncovered a previously unknown role of fungi in shaping intestinal immunity. The discovery of Kazachstania pintolopesii (Kp), a commensal yeast in mice, highlights how fungal residents of the gut microbiome can influence immune responses to parasitic worms, offering potential new strategies for treating infections and immune disorders. Liao et al., Nature. 2024 Dec;636(8043):697-704.
Natural Defense Mechanism Activates During Pregnancy to Protect Against Severe Flu Infections
Published in Science Advances, a study by James Martin and Maziar Divangahi reveals that pregnancy triggers a powerful immune response in the nasal cavity, blocking the Influenza A virus from spreading to the lungs, where it can cause life-threatening complications. Chronopoulos et al., Sci Adv. 2024 Sep 27;10(39):eado7087.
Nature Commentary Highlights scSemiProfiler, UNAGI, and CellAgentChat, New Computational Tools Developed at the Meakins
Jun Ding’s work was recognized in the Nature Technology Features, highlighting its transformative potential for single-cell research and therapeutic discovery. These tools democratize single-cell omics, integrate AI to simulate cellular processes, and enhance the scalability of studies, addressing limitations in cost, throughput, and clinical translation. Of the seven tools featured, three were developed in the Ding Lab. Dance A. Nature. 2024 Nov;635(8039):773-775.
Smart Technology Brings New Hope to Neonatal Care
The Smart Hospital Project at the Montreal Children’s Hospital (MCH) is making strides toward improving care for newborns in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) with innovative wireless technology. Launched in 2021 and led by Guilherme Sant’Anna, the project uses a wireless sensor that tracks vital signs like heart rate, breathing, and blood oxygen levels without the need for multiple electrodes.
MATES: A new AI Tool that Tracks Transposable Elements
MATES, a deep learning framework co-developed by Jun Ding and colleagues, enables locus-specific quantification of transposable elements by accurately assigning multi-mapping DNA reads using local genomic context—overcoming a long-standing challenge in transposable element analysis. MATES stands out for its broad utility across multiple single-cell omics modalities (RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, Multiome) and across species – thus expanding the analytical frontier for single-cell genomics. Wang et al., Nat Commun. 2024 Oct 11;15(1):8798.
Adolescent Vaping Linked to Increased Heart Disease Risk in Men
Two new studies from Carolyn Baglole suggest that vaping during adolescence could lead to heart problems later in life, particularly for young men. Using laboratory models, they found that even short-term vaping affected biological processes in the lungs and increased risk factors associated with heart disease. The studies showed that daily exposure to vape aerosols caused a buildup of plaque in the heart and blood vessels, a key sign of atherosclerosis, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Paoli et al., Open Respir Res. 2024 Sep 18;11(1):e002423. and Caruana et al., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024 Nov;492:117095.
Optimizing Inhaler Prescriptions Using Peak Inspiratory Flow in COPD
A study led by Bryan Ross and Jean Bourbeau measured peak inspiratory flow (PIF) in over 160 patients and found that 1 in 3 had suboptimal PIF, and 1 in 9 used inappropriate devices. Women, underweight patients, and those with severe disease were most at risk. Clinicians often changed prescriptions when given PIF results, showing the value of tailoring inhalers to breathing ability to improve outcomes and align with treatment guidelines. Pankovitch et al., Chest. 2025 Mar;167(3):736-745.
A Scalable, Cost-effective Solution for Single-cell Profiling
Jun Ding, Gregory Fonseca, and their team developed a groundbreaking tool, scSemiProfiler, to make single-cell sequencing more affordable and accessible. Traditional single-cell sequencing, though highly informative, is costly, limiting its use in large studies. scSemiProfiler uses artificial intelligence to create single-cell profiles from less expensive bulk data, providing highly accurate insights at a fraction of the cost. Wang et al., Nat Commun. 2024 Jul 16;15(1):5989.
Introducing Peanuts Earlier can Reduce Allergy Risk
Christine McCusker was part of a team of researchers that discovered an effective strategy to reduce the risk of peanut allergy: introducing peanuts into a child’s diet before the age of three. Yu et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Jun 12:S2213-2198(24)00626-3.
Intracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an Overlooked Source of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Infection
A study by Dao Nguyen investigates an overlooked source of infection in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients: intracellular Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria traditionally considered to be an extracellular pathogen in CF. The study suggests that the bacteria might persist intracellularly, contributing to ongoing infections. These insights could lead to new treatment strategies that target both the extracellular and intracellular presence of P. aeruginosa in CF patients. Malet et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Jun 15;209(12):1453-1462.
Clinical Trial Shows Benefits of Treating Undiagnosed Asthma and COPD
Nicole Ezer was part of groundbreaking clinical trial published in NEJM that shows the benefits of treating undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Treating undiagnosed asthma and COPD led to fewer healthcare visits and improve patients’ health. Aaron et al., N Engl J Med
. 2024 Jun 13;390(22):2061-2073.
Smoking Bans and Vaping Restrictions: What the Science Really Says
Carolyn Baglole is interviewed for Nature News to discuss what the science really says about vaping. She warns that vaping, once seen as safer than smoking, may cause lung damage, underscoring the need for strong regulation and more research. Nature 2024: 628, 695-696
Testing Safer, Faster TB Prevention Options
An international clinical trial led by Dick Menzies, Andrea Benedetti, and colleagues tested whether shorter, higher-dose treatments with rifampicin—a key antibiotic for preventing tuberculosis —are as safe and effective as the standard 4-month regimen. Overall, the 20 mg/kg for 2 months may be a promising shorter option, but more work is needed to understand and improve treatment adherence. Ruslami et al., Lancet Respir Med. 2024 Jun;12(6):433-443
Female Mice Show Stronger Eosinophil-Driven Inflammation in the Lung
A new study by Elizabeth Fixman reveals that female mice mount a stronger innate immune response to IL-33–induced airway inflammation than males. Female mice recruited and activated more eosinophils—key immune cells linked to asthma—and produced higher levels of type 2 cytokines and chemokines. This enhanced response was tied to a female-specific expansion of ILC2 cells lacking the KLRG1 receptor. The findings highlight biological differences in early immune signaling that can shape airway inflammation. Kerkout et al., Clin Exp Immunol. 2024 Mar 12;216(1):13-24.
Disparities in Lung Cancer Survival Rates Faced by Residents of Nunavik
Publication by Faiz Ahmad Khan highlights disparities in lung cancer survival rates faced by residents of Nunavik compared to those in Montreal, despite both groups receiving treatment at the MUHC. This study reinforces the need for targeted interventions to improve lung cancer survival rates among Nunavik residents and highlights the broader context of health disparities faced by Inuit populations in Canada. Chen et al., CMAJ. 2024 Feb 19;196(6):E177-E186.
T Cell Signals Amplify Airway Inflammation Through Smooth Muscle Crosstalk
Study led by James Martin and Anne-Marie Lauzon reveals how CD4⁺ T cells intensify airway inflammation by directly interacting with airway smooth muscle cells. They uncovered a feedback loop that fuels airway inflammation in asthma and identified the LIGHT–LTβR axis as a potential therapeutic target, particularly for severe, treatment-resistant forms of the disease. Zhou et al., FASEB J. 2024 Jan 31;38(2):e23405.
BCG Vaccine Offers Cross-protection Against Influenza
Publication in Nature Immunology by Maziar Divangahi and his research team describes how Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination provides additional protection against unrelated pathogens, including influenza A viral infection. Tran et al., Nature Immunology 2024; 25(3):418-431.
2023
Focused Screening of New Residents is Key to Fight TB in Canada
Kevin Schwartzman published a study on an efficient and cost-effective way to reduce the prevalence of TB in Canada. The risk of developing TB disease is 25-50 times higher within the first two years of acquiring the infection, and 1/4 of foreign-born Canadian residents carry TB bacteria. The researcher recommend focusing prevention efforts on screening new arrivals from high-TB countries and offering preventive treatment to those infected. This approach avoids the high costs and inefficiency of widespread screening for individuals who have lived in Canada for over two years, aligning with global goals to eliminate TB. Jordan et al., CMAJ. 2023 Dec 10;195(48):E1651-E1659.
Air Pollution Triggers COPD Flare-Ups Even at Low Levels
A national study led by Jean Bourbeau, Bryan Ross, and colleagues in the CanCOLD cohort shows that short-term exposure to common air pollutants—nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅)—is linked to an increased risk of COPD exacerbations, even among people with mild to moderate disease. These findings emphasize that air quality changes can rapidly worsen respiratory health. Ross et al., Thorax. 2023. Oct;78(10):974-982.
Short-Course TB Preventive Treatments Show High Completion and Comparable Efficacy
A global meta-analysis led by Dick Menzies compared two short-course tuberculosis preventive regimens using data from over 17,500 participants across 14 countries. The results suggest that both options are viable, and treatment choice should balance patient safety, adherence, and local delivery feasibility, offering evidence to guide WHO and national TB prevention policies. Winters et al., Lancet Respir Med. 2023 Sep;11(9):782-790.
All Airway Trees are Not Created Equal
A study by Benjamin Smith reveals that airway-to-lung size ratio is possibly the most important factor in death by lung disease. The results of this study showed that, overall, individuals with larger lungs had a higher resistance to COPD or other lung diseases. Vameghestahbanati et al., European Respiratory Journal. 2023; 61(6):2300551.
Autophagy Protects Muscle During Sepsis
A study by Sabah Hussain discovered that blocking autophagy in skeletal muscle worsens sepsis outcomes. The findings highlight that activating autophagy may help preserve muscle function and improve survival in critically ill patients with sepsis. Leduc-Gaudet et al., iScience. 2023 Jul 25;26(8):107475.
50 Years of Excellence in Respiratory Research
The Meakins-Christie Laboratories celebrate their 50th anniversary with a 2 day scientific symposium. A reception at the Maude Abbott Medical Museum opened the event. The guest list included Dr. Jonathan L. Meakins, grandson of Dr. Jonathan C. Meakins, the eminent respiratory researcher who, with his colleague Dr. Ronald Christie, lent his name to the Meakins-Christie Laboratories in 1972.
Study Reveals Inequities in ILD Treatment Across Sex and Race
A new international study led by Deborah Assayag found that patients’ sex and race influenced how soon they received treatment for interstitial lung disease. These findings highlight the need to address structural and systemic inequities in ILD care worldwide. Assayag et al., Chest. 2023 May;163(5):1156-1165.
MYTHO Identified as a Key Regulator of Muscle Autophagy and Integrity
Study by Sabah Hussain identifies MYTHO (Macroautophagy and YouTH Optimizer) as a novel FoxO-dependent gene essential for skeletal muscle health. These results position MYTHO as a central regulator of muscle mass, metabolism, and longevity pathways. Leduc-Gaudet et al., Nat Commun. 2023 Mar 2;14(1):1199.
Sleep Disturbances and Obesity Linked to Cognitive Decline Through Brain Changes
A large UK Biobank study led by Marta Kaminska and John Kimoff examined over 36,000 adults and found that poor sleep was associated with obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, which in turn correlated with white matter damage, cortical thinning, and reduced cognitive performance. These results highlight that sleep disturbances may directly contribute to brain aging and cognitive decline. Yu et al., Sleep Med. 2023 Mar:103:41-50.
Vaping Can Cause Significant Harm to the Lungs
New research carried out in the lab of Carolyn Baglole, PhD, affirms that vaping can cause significant damage to the lungs. Even at this low level of exposure, the lung undergoes significant cellular and molecular changes. Vaping is therefore not a harmless tool to aid in smoking cessation. Been et al., FASEB J. 2023 Feb;37(2):e22732.
Prenatal Programming of Alveolar Macrophages by Neutrophils Needed for Lung Health
The Divangahi lab shows that the production of eicosanoids by neutrophils is required for reprogramming alveolar macrophages during early life in the developing lung. Furthermore, they demonstrate that in the absence of alveolar macrophage reprogramming by neutrophils, there is an increased susceptibility to LPS-induced acute lung injury, pulmonary influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections in preclinical models. Pernet et al., Nature. 2023 Feb;614(7948):530-538.
2022
Blocking STAT6 Signaling Suppresses Innate Type 2 Inflammation in the Lung
Study from Elizabeth Fixman’s group demonstrates that a STAT6 inhibitory peptide (STAT6-IP) can block IL-33-driven type 2 inflammation in the lungs of mice. These findings reveal a novel therapeutic strategy to target STAT6 signaling in innate immune cells, potentially preventing the initiation of allergic airway disease before adaptive immunity develops. Moarbes et al., J Immunol. 2022 Dec 1;209(11):2192-2202.
AI Chest X-Ray Tool Accurately Detects Tuberculosis in Real-World Settings
Study led by Faiz Ahmad Khan’s team evaluated LUNIT INSIGHT, a deep learning–based chest X-ray interpretation software, for detecting culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. The findings confirm that AI-assisted radiography can enhance TB screening, especially in low-resource settings where radiologists are scarce, though local calibration is key for optimal diagnostic accuracy. Tavaziva et al., Int J Infect Dis. 2022 Sep:122:15-20.
Parasitic Worms Reprogram Intestinal Stem Cells to Evade the Immune System
Irah King’s recent study reveals how parasitic worms reprogram intestinal stem cells to evade the immune system. The study that looked at the impact of helminths, parasitic worms, on the epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These parasites can affect the response of the epithelium’s immune system, particularly in the area where stem cells reside. Karo-Atar et al., J Exp Med. 2022 Sep 5;219(9):e20212311.
Exploring Airway Mismatches: How Upper and Lower Airways Differ in Their Role in Breathing Problems
Study by Benjamin Smith suggests that dysanapsis of the lower airway and its association with airflow obstruction is specific to the lower airway and does not extend to the upper airway. Smith et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Oct 1;206(7):913-917.
Bacterial Resistance to Immune Cells Predicts Failed Cystic Fibrosis Therapy
A study led by Dao Nguyen found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to neutrophil killing are linked to failed antibiotic eradication in children with cystic fibrosis. These findings reveal that bacterial evasion of immune defense, rather than antibiotic resistance alone, can drive treatment failure, pointing to new therapeutic approaches that strengthen host immune clearance mechanisms in CF lung infections. Kwong et al., J Infect Dis. 2022 Jun 1;225(11):1886-1895.
Exploring Airway Mismatches: How Upper and Lower Airways Differ in Their Role in Breathing Problems
Study by Benjamin Smith suggests that dysanapsis of the lower airway and its association with airflow obstruction is specific to the lower airway and does not extend to the upper airway. Smith et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Oct 1;206(7):913-917.
Associations Between Air Pollution and Lung Size
New study by Jean Bourbeau and Benjamin Smith shows associations between air pollution and lung health in Canada. Individuals with smaller airways were found to have lower lung function and a higher risk of developing COPD compared to those with larger airways, despite similar exposure to air pollution. This groundbreaking finding highlights how differences in lung structure, established early in life, can amplify the harmful effects of air pollution later on in life. Bourbeau et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Jul 1;206(1):44-55.
AI Chest X-Ray Systems Match Human Accuracy for TB Detection Across Populations
A global meta-analysis led by Faiz Ahmad Khan evaluated three deep learning–based computer-aided detection programs. The AI systems achieved high sensitivity (≈90%) comparable to human readers but with variable specificity depending on factors such as HIV infection, prior TB, and age. These findings directly informed WHO’s 2021 guidance endorsing AI-based chest X-ray interpretation as a scalable tool to improve TB screening and triage in high-burden regions. Tavaziva et al., Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 28;74(8):1390-1400.
BCG Vaccine Provides Protection Against Influenza Virus but not SARS-CoV-2
Maziar Divangahi and his research team discovered that BCG provides protection against respiratory infections but not SARS-CoV-2. The BCG vaccine was linked to lower COVID-19 morbidity and mortality early in the pandemic, prompting global large-scale clinical trials – most of which failed to show BCG’s protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. Kaufmann et al., Cell Rep. 2022 Mar 8;38(10):110502.
Racial and Gender Gaps in IPF Clinical Studies
A study by Deborah Assayag demonstrated that women and patients of non-White ancestry are underrepresented in clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pharmacological treatments, compared to the proportion of women with the disease identified in prevalence observational studies. When women and racialized patients are excluded or underrepresented in IPF clinical trials, the resulting evidence is less inclusive, less reliable, and may reinforce health inequities. Jalbert et al., Eur Respir J. 2022 Mar 3;59(3):2102969.
New Mechanism of Inflammation in Muscular Dystrophy
Basil Petrof and his research team have uncovered a new mechanism of inflammation in muscular dystrophy, paving the way for the development of new therapies. The study reveals that signals sent from damaged muscles to the bone marrow induce long-lasting changes in immune cells termed ‘trained immunity’ and actually exacerbate harmful inflammation. Bhattarai et al., Nat Commun. 2022 Feb 15;13(1):879.
Maternal Antibodies from Placenta and Breast Milk Protect Offspring from Influenza
A study by James Martin and Maziar Divangahi reveals that both transplacental and breast milk transfer of maternal IgG1 antibodies are essential for prolonged protection of offspring against influenza A infection. The findings highlight the dual role of prenatal and postnatal antibody transfer in safeguarding infants from respiratory infections. Chronopoulos et al., Front Immunol. 2022 Feb 3:13:823207.
2021
Cost-Effectiveness of Regular TB Testing to Reduce the Spread of TB
The results of a study led by Kevin Schwartzman and Faiz Ahmad Khan confirms that regular community-wide screening for active and latent TB in communities with high TB rates is cost-effective and is recommended as a way to help reduce outbreaks and the spread of TB in these vulnerable areas. Uppal et al., CMAJ. 2021 Nov 1;193(43):E1652-E1659.
Airway Structure Influences How Patients Respond to Inhaled Bronchodilators
Benjamin Smith, Jean Bourbeau, and colleagues in the CanCOLD study reveals that natural variations in airway size relative to lung volume, known as dysanapsis, affect the effectiveness of inhaled bronchodilators. These findings suggest that airway anatomy may help explain why some patients benefit more from inhaled therapies, opening new possibilities for personalized treatment approaches in COPD and asthma. Vameghestahbanati et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 Oct 15;204(8):997-1001.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Shapes Allergic but Not Irritant-Induced Asthma
Work by Carolyn Baglole’s group shows that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a key environmental sensor, differentially regulates asthma subtypes. These findings highlight AhR as a potential therapeutic target for allergic asthma, while also underscoring its complex influence on lung responses to environmental pollutants. Traboulsi et al., Front Physiol. 2021 Oct 21:12:720196.
Home Sleep Testing Expands Access to Diagnosis in Neuromuscular Disease
Work by Marta Kaminska and Basil Petrof validates home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) as a practical alternative to in-lab polysomnography for detecting sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents and adults with neuromuscular disorders. The results indicate that HSAT can significantly improve access to diagnosis for patients who face barriers to traditional overnight sleep studies. Westenberg et al., J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Aug 1;17(8):1579-1590.
How Airway Epithelium Triggers Smooth Muscle Growth
New publication by James Martin and Anne-Marie-Lauzon reveals how airway epithelial cells drive the proliferation and inflammatory activation of airway smooth muscle cells, a hallmark of asthma airway remodeling. These findings uncover a new epithelial–smooth muscle crosstalk mechanism in asthma and identify miR-210 as a potential therapeutic target to limit airway remodeling. O’Sullivan et al., Front Physiol. 2021 Jul 6:12:687654.
CT Scans Reveal Diaphragm Changes Linked to COPD Severity and Exercise Capacity
Publication by Dr. Benjamin Smith, Jean Bourbeau, Basil Petrof, Dennis Jensen and colleagues found that lower diaphragm muscle density and flatter dome shape in COPD patients were strongly associated with worse airflow obstruction, more frequent exacerbations, poorer health status, and reduced exercise capacity, independent of overall muscle mass. These findings indicate that CT-based diaphragm assessment could serve as a biomarker of disease severity and functional impairment in COPD, offering new insights into respiratory muscle dysfunction in chronic lung disease. Donovan et al., Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Jun;18(6):955-962.
Strengthening Health Systems Boosts TB Prevention in High-Burden Countries
The ACT4 cluster-randomized trial, led by Dick Menzies, Kevin Schwartzman, and Faiz Ahmad Khan evaluated a health systems intervention to improve management of latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts. The study demonstrates that simple, locally adapted system-strengthening measures can dramatically improve TB prevention, helping countries meet global TB elimination targets. Oxlade et al., Lancet Public Health. 2021 May;6(5):e272-e282.
Interferon-γ Triggers Immune Cell Recruitment to Airway Muscle in Asthma
Study by Anne-Marie Lauzon and James Martin uncovers how the immune signal interferon-γ (IFN-γ) strengthens communication between airway smooth muscle and CD4⁺ T cells in asthma. Airway muscle cells release chemokines that attract T cells, a process amplified by IFN-γ, creating a feedback loop that fuels airway inflammation and remodeling. These findings reveal a key pathway through which immune–muscle interactions worsen asthma. Sun et al., FASEB J. 2021 Jan;35(1):e21228.
2020
Mtb can Reprogram Stem Cells to Impair Innate Immunity Against TB
Publication in Cell by Maziar Divangahi shows that stem cells can be targeted for protective vaccination as well as be hijacked by a pathogen to increase TB virulence. Soon after Mtb infection, the bacteria translocate from the lungs to the bone marrow and reprograms stem cells to impair innate immunity against TB. Khan et al., Cell. 2020 Oct 29;183(3):752-770.e22.
Sleep Apnea Treatment Reduces Heart Problems in Patients with Prediabetes
Sushmita Pamidi’s new study found that people with prediabetes and obstructive sleep apnea could reduce their daytime resting heart rate and risk of cardiovascular disease by using a CPAP machine at night. Pamidi et al., J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Oct 1:e016871.
Possible Link Between Cell Death and Allergic Diseases
Publication in Nature Immunology in collaboration with Irah King showed that cell death signals the immune system to mount a type-2 response, thus contributing to allergic diseases. The findings highlight cell death as a key driver of type-2 responses, offering new insights into allergic disease mechanisms. Schneider et al. Nat Immunol. 2020 Dec;21(12):1528-1539.
Oxidative Stress Makes Bacteria Temporarily Tolerant to Antibiotics
Dao Nguyen discovered that the herbicide paraquat made Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major cause of chronic lung infections, tolerant to multiple antibiotics. Paraquat triggers the production of superoxide dismutase (SOD), making it harder for drugs to enter. This tolerance response helps bacteria survive antibiotic exposure without acquiring genetic resistance, revealing a new mechanism of stress-induced drug tolerance that may contribute to persistent infections in diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Martins et al., Front Microbiol. 2020 Sep 25:11:576708.
Editorial: Chlorine Gas, Airway Inflammation and Cysteinyl Leukotrienes
Editorial: Chlorine Gas, Airway Inflammation, and Cysteinyl Leukotrienes: The Neutrophil Does Not Work Alone. Publication by James Martin shows that neutrophils, epithelial cells, and other lung cells all play a roll for Chlorine to induce airway hyperresponsiveness. Original Article: McGovern et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2020 Nov;63(5):681-689.
Lifesaving HIV and Tuberculosis Medications
Dick Menzies and his research team played an important role in a recent study published in The Lancet that found that implementing a combination of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV and newer tuberculosis (TB) medications decreased the risk of death for adults with multidrug-resistant TB. Bisson et al., Lancet. 2020 Aug 8;396(10248):402-411.
Small OXE Molecule Antagonists as Treatment Option for Eosinophilic-Driven Disorders
Liminal BioSciences, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, has acquired a preclinical research program of small OXE molecule antagonists. This program is based on the research of William Powell at the Meakins and Joshua Rokach of the Florida Institute of Technology.
A microRNA Switch Controls Blood Vessel Growth Through ZFP91
Study published in Cells by Sabah Hussain uncovered a molecular switch that regulates angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels. Their findings reveal a new Ang-1–miR-640–ZFP91 signaling pathway that helps control blood vessel growth and may offer new therapeutic targets for vascular repair and regeneration. Harel et al., Cells. 2020 Jul 2;9(7):1602.
Unmasking a Hidden Link: Sleep Apnea and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy
The research team, led by Sushmita Pamidi, found that increasing severity of sleep apnea in pregnant women with gestational diabetes was, in fact, linked with higher glucose levels at night. It is possible that improved glucose control in pregnancy by treatment of sleep apnea could lead to improved overall outcomes for mother and baby.
Newbold et al., Chest. 2020 Jul 17:S0012-3692(20)31911-5.
Intrapulmonary Smooth Muscle Shows Enhanced Contraction in Asthma
Published in the European Respiratory Journal, this study from Anne-Marie Lauzon’s team found that intrapulmonary airway muscle, not the larger airway muscle near the throat, is overactive and more contractile in asthma. The study also identified specific proteins in these overactive muscles that may explain why they tighten more easily and could be new targets for asthma treatments that directly calm the small airway muscles. Ijpma et al., Eur Respir J. 2020 Jul 2;56(1):1902178.
Rifampin for Latent TB: A Better Choice
Dick Menzies carried out a cost-comparison study of two treatments for latent tuberculosis. He compared a four-month course of rifampin to a nine-month course of isoniazid. The rifampin was found to be a safer and more cost-effective choice than the isoniazid. Bastos et al., Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 4;173(3):169-178.
Dysanapsis Is a Strong Risk Factor for COPD
JAMA publication by Benjamin Smith highlights dysanapsis as a strong risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dysanapsis is a developmental mismatch between airway and lung size. While the root cause for dysanapsis remains unknown, these findings help understand why COPD can occur in people who never smoked and do not have other risk factors. Smith et al., JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2268-2280.
β-glucan Induces Protective Trained Immunity
Cell Reports Publication by Maziar Divangahi shows that β-glucan induces protective trained immunity in human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Their work is paving the way for both prophylactic and therapeutic use of β-glucan in TB. Moorlag et al., Cell Rep. 2020 May 19;31(7):107634.
Gender Bias Affects Diagnosis Accuracy in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Published in Thorax, an international study led by Deborah Assayag found that respiratory physicians are three times more likely to diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in men than in women, highlighting the need for bias awareness in ILD diagnostics and clinical trial representation. Assayag et al., Thorax. 2020 May;75(5):407-412.
Rifampicin Safer Than Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment
A post-hoc safety analysis led by Dick Menzies confirmed that four months of daily rifampicin, compared to nine months of daily isoniazid rifampicin, is the safer regimen. This work supports rifampicin’s use as a first-line preventive therapy for latent TB infection and aligning with WHO’s goal to expand short-course preventive treatments worldwide. Campbell et al., Lancet Infect Dis . 2020 Mar;20(3):318-329.
Shorter Regimens Reduce Treatment Dropout in Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
This large individual patient data meta-analysis led by Faiz Ahmad Khan and Dick Menzies compared standardized shorter (9–12 month) versus individualized longer (≥20 month) regimens for treating rifampin- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (RR/MDR-TB). The study supports the WHO recommendation for shorter MDR-TB regimens. Abidi et al., Eur Respir J. 2020 Mar 20;55(3):1901467.
New OXE Receptor Antagonist Blocks Eosinophil Inflammation with Long-Lasting Effect
Study led by William S. Powell reports the development of S-Y048, a highly potent and long-acting antagonist of the OXE receptor, which mediates inflammation through the lipid 5-oxo-ETE. S-Y048 is a promising anti-inflammatory candidate for treating asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, offering a new therapeutic avenue for eosinophil-driven diseases. Ye et al., Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Jan;177(2):388-401.
Distinct Inflammatory Pathways Lead to Long-Term Airflow Limitation in Asthma
Study led by Benjamin Smith, James Martin, Qutayba Hamid, Ronald Olivenstein and colleagues found two distinct patterns in patients with moderate to severe asthma: one group with long-term fixed obstruction showed neutrophilic inflammation and thickened airway muscle, while another group who developed obstruction later had eosinophilic inflammation and faster lung function decline without early structural changes. These findings highlight the need for personalized treatments targeting inflammation before remodeling occurs. Smith et al., Clin Exp Allergy. 2021 Jan;51(1):39-48.
2019
Editorial: Evolving Mechanisms of Disease Tolerance
Frontiers in Immunology editorial by Maziar Divangahi and Irah King discusses the history of disease tolerance. Reviews by Meakins members are prominently featured in this editorial. King and Divangahi, Front Immunol. 2019 Dec 20:10:2974.
Alveolar Macrophages Drive Lung Adaptation to Repeated Oxidative Injury
Publication by James Martin, Maziar Divangahi, and William Powell uncovers a novel mechanism by which the lungs adapt to repeated oxidative stress from chlorine gas exposure. The team found that adaptation, marked by reduced inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, was not dependent on antioxidant defenses or regulatory T cells, but instead on alveolar macrophages expressing Foxp3. The findings reveal a new tolerogenic pathway in macrophages that helps preserve lung function under chronic environmental stress. Allard et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Oct;144(4):945-961.e9.
Exercise Training Boosts Outcomes for Transplant Patients: National Guidelines Released
A joint position statement of the Canadian Society of Transplantation and CAN-RESTORE, co-led by Tania Janaudis-Ferreira provides the first evidence-based recommendations for exercise training in solid organ transplant (SOT) candidates and recipients (including thoracic [lung, heart] and abdominal [kidney, liver, pancreas] SOT types. The statement concludes that exercise should be integrated into pre- and post-transplant care for both adults and children to improve aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and quality of life. Janaudies-Ferreira et al., Transplantation. 2019 Sep;103(9):e220-e238.
Antioxidant Therapy Preserves Diaphragm Function During Mechanical Ventilation
Study published in Anesthesiology by Sabah Hussain, Peter Goldberg, and Basil Petrof showed that treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine prevented loss of diaphragm contractility, reduced protein ubiquitination and autophagy-related gene activation, and restored regulatory microRNAs suppressed by oxidative stress. The findings support antioxidant therapy as a strategy to mitigate ventilator-induced diaphragm weakness in critical care. Moroz et al., Anesthesiology. 2019 Sep;131(3):605-618.
New Role for the Lipid Mediator Leukotriene B4 in the Lung
Nature Microbiology publication by William Powell and Maziar Divangahi identified a new role for the lipid mediator Leukotriene B4 in the lung. They show that the LTB4 molecule is capable of not only reducing collateral tissue damage caused by immune responses in response to flu (influenza) infection, but also enhancing host survival. Pernet et al., Nat Microbiol. 2019 Aug;4(8):1389-1400.
Anti-TB Drugs Cause Changes to Gut Microbiota, Compromising Immunity
Mucosal Immunology publication by Irah King, Maziar Divangahi, and Dick Menzies showed that anti-tuberculosis drugs caused changes to gut microbiota, thereby compromising immunity. This then led to an increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This work provides a basis for novel therapeutic strategies exploiting the gut-lung axis in Mtb infection. Khan et al., Mucosal Immunol. 2019 May;12(3):772-783.
Female Mice Show Stronger IL-33–Driven Airway Inflammation Than Males
Elizabeth Fixman and her team uncovered clear sex differences in early type 2 airway inflammation triggered by the cytokine IL-33, a key driver of asthma. Using a mouse model, the researchers showed that female mice developed more severe airway inflammation, with greater eosinophil recruitment, macrophage activation, and IL-13 production than males. The findings provide insight into why asthma tends to be more severe in women and highlight STAT6 as a potential target for new therapies that account for biological sex differences. Zhao et al., Front Immunol. 2019 May 1:10:859.
2018
Cryopreserving Airway Muscle Function
Anne-Marie Lauzon developed a method to cryopreserve airway smooth muscle tissue without losing its ability to contract. These findings provide a practical protocol for long-term storage of human airway tissues while maintaining their function, an important advance for research on asthma, COPD, and airway remodeling. Ijpma et al., Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018 Nov 1;315(5):L724-L733.
Combining Bronchodilators, Exercise, and Coaching Improves COPD Symptoms
The PHYSACTO trial, led by Jean Bourbeau, showed that patients who received bronchodilators, with or without exercise, showed better exercise endurance and less breathlessness. Participants felt less dyspnea and difficulty performing tasks, suggesting that addressing both physical capacity and behavioral factors can make daily activity more comfortable and sustainable for people living with COPD. Troosters et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Oct 15;198(8):1021-1032.
New Cellular Target Can Weaken the Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PNAS publication by Dao Nguyen identified a new cellular target that can weaken the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a daunting microbe which can become highly tolerant to many antibiotics. They found that inhibition of the enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase) or the stress signaling system renders the pathogen more susceptible to antibiotics. Martins et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Sep 25;115(39):9797-9802.
Pivotal Study Leading the Overhaul of WHO Treatment Guidelines for Patients with Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
A game changing study was recently published by Dick Menzies in The Lancet. His research found that new medicines are more effective than traditional ones used to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. This work is leading the overhaul of WHO treatment guidelines for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ahmad et al., Lancet. 2018 Sep 8;392(10150):821-834.
Latent TB Treatment: Shorter is Better
Two studies published in the NEJM by Dick Menzies on treatment of latent tuberculosis show a novel, short therapy (4 months Rifampin) is safer and more effective in children and adults than standard therapy. This four-month therapy is a fundamental game-changer in TB prevention. Pediatric study: Diallo et al., N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2;379(5):454-463. Adult study: Menzies et al., N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2;379(5):440-453.
CypD is a Key Checkpoint for T Cell Metabolism and Regulates Disease Tolerance in TB
Science Immunology publication by Maziar Divangahi tries to explain why the vast majority of people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can tolerate the infection without developing disease. The study determined that the mitochondrial protein cyclophilin D (CypD) acts as a key checkpoint for T cell metabolism and regulates disease tolerance in TB. Tzelepis et al., Sci Immunol. 2018 May 11;3(23):eaar4135.
Variations in Lung Anatomy Associated with COPD
PNAS publication by Benjamin Smith and Carolyn Baglole shows that the internal anatomy of our lungs is surprisingly variable. Some of those variations are associated with a greater risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smith et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jan 30;115(5):E974-E981.
Home-Based COPD Program Cuts Deaths and Hospital Stays
The COMET trial, led by Jean Bourbeau, combined self-management training, telemonitoring, and coordinated medical support to help COPD patients recognize and treat symptoms early. While it did not significantly reduce all hospital days, the program cut deaths by over 85% and lowered acute care hospitalizations, showing that comprehensive home-based care can improve survival and quality of life in patients with advanced COPD. Kessler et al., Eur Respir J. 2018 Jan 11;51(1):1701612.
BCG Educates Stem Cells for Protective Innate Immunity Against TB
BCG Educates hematopoietic stem cells to generate protective innate immunity against TB. Publication in Cell by Maziar Divangahi, Irah King, and Bruce Mazer shows for the first time that when BCG is administered to mice in a way that enables access to the bone marrow, it can reprogram stem cells and offers long-term innate immune protection against M. tuberculosis infection. Kaufmann et al., Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):176-190.e19.
2017
Mechanical Ventilation Induces Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mice
Editorial: Mechanical Ventilation for DMD: Sinner or Saint? Publication by Basil Petrof shows short‐term mechanical ventilation induces rapid diaphragmatic force loss and biochemical changes consistent with VIDD in mdx mice. This may have implications for the optimal use of intermittent mechanical ventilation in DMD patients. Original Publication: Liang et al., Muscle Nerve. 2018 Mar;57(3):442-448.
Sepsis Triggers Muscle Wasting in Limbs and Diaphragm
Publication by Sabah Hussain found that sepsis activates two major protein breakdown systems, autophagy and the proteasome pathway, in both the diaphragm and limb muscles, but the effects were more intense and lasted longer in limb muscles. Theis work highlights key molecular pathways that could be targeted to protect muscle strength in critically ill patients. Stana et al., Crit Care Med. 2017 Sep;45(9):e971-e979.
RelB and AhR Protect Lung Cells from Cigarette Smoke–Induced Damage
Study by Carolyn Baglole, Qutayba Hamid, and David Eidelman found the protein RelB, part of the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and helps protect lung fibroblasts from cell death caused by cigarette smoke. Together, RelB and AhR form a cell-survival pathway that limits smoke-induced lung injury, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for preventing emphysema and COPD progression. Iu et al., Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Jul:108:19-31.
Shorter Treatment Regimens Effective for Multidrug-Resistant TB
This landmark study led by Faiz Ahmad Khan and Dick Menzies determined the effectiveness of standardized 9–12 month regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). These findings support the WHO’s recommendation to adopt shorter MDR-TB regimens. Ahmad Khan et al., Eur Respir J. 2017 Jul 27;50(1):1700061.
RIPK3 Protein is Involved in the Regulation of Immune Response to the Flu
PLoS Pathogen publication by Maziar Divangahi, James Martin, and Salman Qureshi. Their research is trying to understand how the mechanisms of the immune system fight the flu in the hopes of finding new immunotherapies to combat the virus. The discovery of the RIPK3 protein that is involved in the regulation of immune response to the flu means help may be on the horizon. Downey et al., PLoS Pathog. 2017 Apr 14;13(4):e1006326.
Sleep Apnea Worsens Cognitive Function in Parkinson’s Disease
Study led by Marta Kaminska and John Kimoff found that obstructive sleep apnea is common in people with Parkinson’s disease and is linked to greater sleepiness and poorer cognitive function. The findings highlight the importance of screening and treating sleep apnea in this population. Mery et al., Neurology. 2017 Mar 21;88(12):1120-1128.
STAT6-Inhibitory Peptide May Reduce Incidence of RSV-Related Asthma
Journal of Leukocyte Biology publication by Elizabeth Fixman demonstrates that STAT6-IP reduces the development of allergic-type lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice re-challenged with respiratory syncytial virus. This peptide may reduce the incidence of RSV-related asthma. Srinivasa et al., J Leukoc Biol. 2017 Feb;101(2):519-529.
Standard TB Regimens Fail for Isoniazid-Resistant Strains
A systematic review and meta-analysis led by DDick Menzies found that treating isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with standard first-line drug regimens leads to higher rates of failure, relapse, and acquired multidrug resistance compared with drug-sensitive TB. The findings highlight an urgent need for better diagnostic testing and alternative regimens, as the routine use of current standard therapy may fuel the global MDR-TB epidemic. Gegia et al., Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Feb;17(2):223-234.
Nrf2 Protects the Lungs from Chlorine-Induced Airway Damage
Study by Dr. James Martin and William Powell showed that the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway helps the lungs recover after chlorine gas exposure, a common cause of irritant-induced asthma. The findings suggest that boosting Nrf2 activity could help protect people exposed to environmental irritants. Ano et al., Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Jan:102:1-15.
2016
First Primer on Tuberculosis in Nature Reviews Disease Primers.
Publication by Maziar Divangahi, Dick Menzies, and colleagues. Pai et al., Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Oct 27;2:16076.
Desensitization Program Helps Kids with Milk Allergies
New milk allergy research being co-led by Bruce Mazer. The program is having good success with helping children with milk allergies build up tolerance to milk protein by introducing the allergen very slowly into the diet.
Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy Linked to Smaller Babies
Study led by Sushmita Pamidi and John Kimoff found that pregnant women with sleep-disordered breathing were more likely to deliver small-for-gestational-age infants. The findings highlight the need to screen and treat sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy to improve newborn outcomes. Pamidi et al., Thorax. 2016 Aug;71(8):719-25.
Benefits of Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis publication by Larry Lands reinforces the benefits of newborn screening for Cystic Fibrosis patients. The publication led to many articles and interviews about this research. Children with Cystic Fibrosis who are diagnosed through newborn screening are healthier and benefit more from new treatments. Mak et al. J Cyst Fibros. 2016 May;15(3):302-8.
First Proof That Mechanical Ventilation Can Cause Human Diaphragm Dysfunction
Thorax Editorial: Respiratory muscle wasting in the ICU. Publication by Sabah Hussain and Basil Petrof provides the first proof that mechanical ventilation can cause contractile dysfunction of the diaphragm in humans. Hussain et al., Thorax. 2016 May;71(5):436-45
Toll-like Receptor Signalling in Regenerative Myogenesis: Friend and Foe
Journal of Pathology Commentary. Toll-like receptor signalling in regenerative myogenesis: friend and foe. Publication by Basil Petrof, Maziar Divangahi, and Salman Qureshi shows that macrophage function and skeletal muscle repair depends greatly upon the muscle injury context and the micro‐environment. Modifying the inflammatory milieu in dystrophic muscle may serve as a useful therapeutic measure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mojumdar et al, J Pathol. 2016 May;239(1):10-22.
Exercise can Lower the Risk of Muscle Wasting Associated with Aging
A study by Russell Hepple and Tania Taivassalo on world-class master athletes in their 80s found that high levels of physical activity may protect against the neuromuscular decline associated with aging, potentially maintaining strength and function later in life.
Power et al., J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Oct 1;121(4):1013-1020.
Undiagnosed COPD Contributes to the Burden of Health Care Utilization: Data from the CanCOLD Study
A study by Jean Bourbeau demonstrates that many cases of COPD go undiagnosed and actually require more health care and services than diagnosed patients. The research suggests that proper diagnosis of COPD and patient care is critical and could potentially reduce hospital admissions and health care costs. Labonté et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug 1;194(3):285-98.
2015
STAT6 Inhibitory Peptide Educates the Immune System From Developing an Allergic Response
Elizabeth Fixman developed STAT6-IP, a chimeric inhibitory peptide able to inhibit aberrant Th2 responses in the airways of preclinical models of asthma. The latest publication by Christine McCusker showed STAT6-IP administered in newborn mice reprogrammed their immune system, creating long-lasting tolerance to allergens. This research highlights a potential path to prevent allergic diseases like asthma by targeting immune development early in life. Michael et al., Mucosal Immunol. 2015 Nov;8(6):1248-61.
High-Dose Vitamin D Moderately Reduces Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Macrophages
Study led by Larry Lands and Simon Rousseau found that vitamin D can modestly reduce inflammatory responses in immune cells from people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Dauletbaev et al., Br J Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;172(19):4757-71.
LAM and Tuberous Sclerosis in Quebec: High Mortality and Underdiagnosis
Population-based study led by Arnold Kristof found that lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) patients had higher hospitalization rates, health-care costs, and mortality than those with TSC alone. The findings highlight the need for earlier screening, better recognition, and access to targeted therapies to improve outcomes for people living with LAM and TSC. Kristof et al., Chest. 2015 Aug;148(2):444-449.
Variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Can Cause a Lot of Inflammation
Science Advances publication by Dao Nguyen shows that there are variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacteria commonly found in Cystic Fibrosis patients, that can cause a lot of inflammation. Nguyen’s team is the first to make the connection between the bacteria and inflammation. Lafayette et al, Sci Adv. 2015 Jul;1(6):e1500199.
Treating Sleep Apnea Improves Blood Sugar in People with Prediabetes
A randomized controlled trial led by Sushmita Pamidi showed that using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for 8 hours each night significantly improves glucose metabolism in people with prediabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study suggests a potential role for OSA treatment in preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes. Pamidi et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Jul 1;192(1):96-105.
Nurturing Nanotubes: Role of Nanotubes Between T Cells and Airway Smooth Muscle
Journal of Immunology Top 10% In this Issue: Nurturing Nanotubes. Publication by James Martin elucidates the functional role of nanotubes between T cells and airway smooth muscle. Al Heialy et al, J Immunol. 2015 Jun 15;194(12):5626-34.
Autophagy Helps Protect the Diaphragm During Mechanical Ventilation
Study by Basil Petrof, Sabah Hussain, and Ilan Azuelos found that mechanical ventilation activates autophagy, a process that removes damaged cellular components. Antioxidant treatment and autophagy stimulation preserved diaphragm strength in mice on mechanical ventilation. The findings highlight the potential for targeting autophagy to prevent ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD) and improve recovery in critically ill patients. Azuelos et al., Anesthesiology. 2015 Jun;122(6):1349-61.
Large Airway Muscle Function Is Normal in Asthma
Study by Anne-Marie Lauzon and James Martin found that airway smooth muscle from the trachea and main bronchi of people with asthma contracts normally. These results challenge the long-held belief that asthma’s airway narrowing is caused by stronger muscle contractions, instead suggesting that inflammation and structural airway changes, not muscle function itself, underlie airway hyperresponsiveness. Ijpma et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Apr 15;191(8):884-93.
2014
Unveiling a Key Player in TB Defense
Maziar Divangahi and his team identified the critical role of the protein annexin1 in defending against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Annexin1 helps dendritic cells – key players in the immune system – engulf dying cells and present bacterial antigens to CD8+ T cells, which are crucial for fighting TB. These findings highlight annexin1 as a central mediator of immunity and suggest it could be a target for developing new TB treatments. Tzelepis et al., J Clin Invest. 2015 Feb;125(2):752-68.
T Cells and Airway Smooth Muscle Interactions in Asthma
Perspectives Editorial in the J of Physiology. In the field, it was still unknown whether airway smooth muscle activation by activated T cell binding could also affect airway smooth muscle contractility. Work by the Anne-Marie Lauzon group provides evidence for this targeted T cell–airway smooth muscle cell interaction resulting in increased airway smooth muscle shortening velocity. The work shows that inflammatory cells promote airway smooth muscle hypercontractility in airway hyper-responsiveness and asthma. Matusovsky et al, J Physiol. 2014 Jul 15;592(14):2999-3012.
STAT-6 Inhibitory Peptide Inhibits Aberrant Th2 Responses in RSV Infection
European Journal of Immunology publication by Elizabeth Fixman. The STAT6 inhibitory peptide can educate the immune system away from developing an allergic response. STAT6 has been show to inhibit aberrant Th2 responses in the airways of preclinical models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Srinivas et al. Eur J Immunol. 2014 Aug;44(8):2349-59.
Host Defense Shield: How NLRX1 Protects Against Influenza
Work by Maziar Divangahi, James Martin, and Simon Rousseau uncovered a vital defense mechanism against influenza A virus (IAV). The protein NLRX1 prevents virus-induced damage to mitochondria in immune cells called macrophages. The findings pave the way for potential therapies targeting mitochondrial function to combat severe influenza infections and enhance immunity. Jaworska et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 20;111(20):E2110-9.
Inhibition of PGE2 Increases Survival of Mice Infected With H1N1 Flu Virus
Immunity publication by William Powell, Maziar Divangahi revealed that a drug that inhibits PGE2 increases survival of mice infected with H1N1 flu virus. This finding paves the way for urgently needed novel therapies that may be effective against the flu and other viral infections. Coulombe et al, Immunity. 2014 Apr 17;40(4):554-68.
2013
Actin and Tropomyosin Isoforms Fine-Tune Smooth Muscle Contraction
Study by Anne-Marie Lauzon used an in vitro motility assay and found that the interaction speed and coordination of myosin motors depends on which actin–tropomyosin isoform pair is present. The study reveals how subtle protein variations can modulate smooth muscle mechanics and may influence disease states like asthma. Hilbert et al., PLoS Comput Biol. 2013 Oct;9(10):e1003273.
Selenium Compound Protects Lungs from Radiation-Induced Inflammation
Christina Haston found that a selenium-based antioxidant can delay and reduce radiation-induced pneumonitis in mice. The results suggest that selenium-based therapies may help prevent lung injury in patients undergoing chest radiotherapy. Kunwar et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013 Oct;49(4):654-61.
Nasal Steroids Improve Sleep Apnea in Allergic Rhinitis Patients
Clinical study led by Qutayba Hamid and Basil Petrof found that intranasal corticosteroids can significantly reduce inflammation and improve sleep quality in people with obstructive sleep apnea and allergic rhinitis. Lavigne et al., Clin Exp Allergy. 2013 Oct;43(10):1124-33.
2012
Mitochondrial Damage and Fat Build-Up Weaken the Diaphragm During Ventilation
Work by Basil Petrof, Sabah Hussain, and Peter Goldberg revealed that mechanical ventilation disrupts mitochondrial function in the human diaphragm, leading to oxidative stress, fat accumulation, and energy imbalance, confirming that mitochondrial oxidative stress drives ventilator-induced diaphragm weakness (VIDD). The findings identify mitochondria as a key therapeutic target to improve recovery and weaning success in ventilated patients. Picard et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec 1;186(11):1140-9.
IL-17 Drives Airway Muscle Cell Migration Through Autocrine Signaling
Qutayba Hamid, David Eidelman, James Martin, and Carolyn Baglole uncovered a new mechanism by which the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 may contribute to airway remodeling in asthma. Al-Alwan et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Oct;130(4):977-85.e6.
Blocking mTOR Worsens Lung Injury by Increasing Cell Death
Study led by Arnold Kristof and Salman Qureshi found that inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein that promotes cell survival, can worsen lung injury caused by bacterial toxins. The findings reveal that mTOR helps protect lung cells from damage during infection, suggesting that its inhibition may increase vulnerability to acute lung injury. Fielhaber et al., J Immunol. 2012 May 1;188(9):4535-42.
Histamine Promotes Airway Remodeling Through Growth Factor Release
Work by James Martin and Qutayba Hamid revealed that histamine, a key molecule released by mast cells during allergic reactions, can trigger airway remodeling in asthma. These findings uncover a new mechanism by which allergic inflammation can drive structural airway changes and highlight histamine signaling as a potential therapeutic target to prevent long-term asthma progression. Hirota et al., FASEB J. 2012 Apr;26(4):1704-16.
Genetic Background Shapes Lung Inflammation and Hyperreactivity in CF Mice
Christina Haston found that cystic fibrosis mice on a BALB/c genetic background develop greater airway hyperresponsiveness and more lung lymphocytes than those on a C57BL/6 background. These findings reveal how genetic modifiers influence CF lung disease. Bazett et al., J Immunol. 2012 Mar 1;188(5):2297-304.
2011
AhR Protects Lung Cells from Cigarette Smoke-Induced Death
Study by Carolyn Baglole revealed that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a vital protective role against lung cell death caused by cigarette smoke. The findings suggest that differences in AhR expression may help explain why only some smokers develop chronic lung diseases like COPD. Rico de Souza et al., J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 16;286(50):43214-28.
Starved Bacteria Can Better Adapt and Survive
Science Perspectives Feature: Antioxidant strategies to tolerate antibiotics. Publication by Dao Nguyen identified that when bacteria are starved, it allows them to better adapt and survive. Nguyen et al. Science. 2011 Nov 18;334(6058):982-6.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Biofilms: New Insights on Antibiotic Tolerance
This Week in Science Feature: Arrest and Tolerate. Publication by Dao Nguyen is featured in “This Week in Science” for her work on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biofilms: new insights on antibiotic tolerance. The publication shows that antibiotic tolerance occurs, not because the targets of antibiotics have become inactive during growth arrest, but because starvation-sensing mechanisms generate protective responses. Science, Nov 18, 2011, Vol 334, Issue 6058, pp 875-876
New STAT6-IP Therapy Blocks Asthma Triggers
Elizabeth Fixman developed a novel treatment for allergic asthma using a cell-penetrating peptide called STAT-6-IP. In a study with mice exposed to ragweed allergens, topical application of STAT-6-IP reduced inflammation, improved breathing, and suppressed allergic responses for up to two weeks. These findings highlight the potential of STAT-6-IP as a groundbreaking therapy for long-term asthma control as well as for other chronic allergic airway diseases. Wang et al., Clin Exp Allergy. 2011 Nov;41(11):1622-30.
Expression and Functional Roles of Angiopoietin-2 in Skeletal Muscles
Sabah Hussain found that Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), a protein involved in blood vessel formation, is naturally present in skeletal muscle precursor cells and its levels increase during muscle cell differentiation. These results suggest that ANGPT2 plays a crucial role in skeletal muscle repair. Mofarrahi et al., PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22882.
Interleukin-13 Inhibits Proliferation and Enhances Contractility of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
James Martin and colleagues found that IL-13 suppresses the ability of airway smooth muscle cells to multiply while increasing their contractility in response to histamine, a chemical that causes airway tightening in asthma. These findings highlight how IL-13 influences airway remodeling in asthma, particularly in promoting airway narrowing. Risse et al., Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2011 Jun;300(6):L958-66.
Cigarette Smoke Exacerbates Inflammation in COPD Through its Effects on CD8+ T cells and Toll-like Receptor Pathways
Findings by Qutayba Hamid, David Eidelman, Jean Bourbeau, and Carolyn Baglole show that CD8+ T cells in the lungs of COPD patients have higher levels of TLR4 and TLR9. Exposure of these cells to cigarette smoke amplified TLR4 and TLR9 protein levels and triggered the release of cytokines, suggesting that these effectors play a role in COPD lung inflammation. Nadigel et al., Respir Res. 2011 Nov 9;12(1):149.
TH17 Cytokines Induce Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
Using laboratory models, David Eidelman, Qutayba Hamid, James Martin, and Simon Rousseau found that TH17-associated cytokines contribute to airway remodeling in asthma by inducing the migration of airway smooth muscle cells. These findings reveal a novel mechanism by which TH17 cytokines may drive the structural changes characteristic of severe asthma. Chang et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Apr;127(4):1046-53.e1-2.
2010
Mechanical Ventilation Activates Autophagy in the Human Diaphragm
Sabah Hussain, Peter Goldberg, and Basil Petrof provided the first direct evidence that prolonged mechanical ventilation in humans triggers autophagy, a cellular self-degradation process, in the diaphragm. Mechanical ventilation causes diaphragm disuse and muscle breakdown through oxidative and molecular stress pathways, contributing to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction in critically ill patients. Hussain et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Dec 1;182(11):1377-86.
How Tuberculosis Evades and Manipulates Immune Responses
Maziar Divangahi and colleagues have uncovered how Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades the immune system by influencing macrophage cell death. Mtb manipulates host cell pathways to prevent apoptosis while promoting necrosis, which helps the bacteria spread. This evasion strategy delays the immune system’s ability to activate protective T cells, crucial for controlling the infection. This research provides critical insights into Mtb’s survival strategies and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Divangahi et al., Nat Immunol. 2010 Aug;11(8):751-8.
Urotensin II and its Receptor are Expressed in LAM Patients
This study by Arnold Kristof found that urotensin II (UII), a molecule known for influencing blood vessel function, along with its receptor (UT) and a related peptide (URP), is present at high levels in the lung tissue of LAM patients. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare lung disease affecting women that is caused by the abnormal growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs, leading to progressive respiratory issues. The findings suggest that the urotensin system may play a significant role in the progression of LAM. Kristof et al. Peptides. 2010 Aug;31(8):1511-6.
T-Cells and Smooth Muscle Remodeling in Asthma
This study explored how T cells contribute to airway smooth muscle remodeling in asthma. Using bronchial biopsies from individuals with asthma, James Martin, Qutayba Hamid, and Ronald Olivenstein found that T cells directly interacted with smooth muscle cells, driving their proliferation. These findings highlight the role of immune cells in structural changes in the airways, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets for reducing airway remodeling in asthma. Ramos-Barbón et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Aug 1;182(3):317-24
Airway Smooth Muscle Growth Remains Active in Severe Asthma
James Martin, Qutayba Hamid, and Ronald Olivenstein showed that airway smooth muscle continues to grow and remodel in people with long-standing severe asthma. These findings confirm that airway smooth muscle remodeling is an ongoing, dynamic process, even in chronic asthma. Hassan et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 May;125(5):1037-1045.e3.
IL-17 Promotes Endothelial Activation and Neutrophil Recruitment
In a study by Simon Rousseau, Qutayba Hamid, James Martin, and Ronald Olivenstein, IL-17 was shown to stimulate lung endothelial cells to produce neutrophil chemoattractants (CXCL8) and increase the expression of adhesion molecules (E-selectin and VCAM-1). These processes enhance the migration of neutrophils to sites of inflammation in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. Blocking IL-17’s action on endothelial cells may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for conditions characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, such as asthma, COPD, and CF. Roussel et al. J Immunol. 2010 Apr 15;184(8):4531-7.
2009
Long-Term Consequences of Irritant-Induced Asthma
Work by Qutayba Hamid sheds light on the long-term impact of acute irritant-induced asthma, a condition caused by exposure to harmful chemicals, such as chlorine, at high concentrations. Even years after the initial incident, affected individuals show persistent airway inflammation and remodeling, similar to severe asthma. The study found increased levels of inflammatory cells and proteins in the lungs, as well as thickened airway walls, which contribute to chronic breathing difficulties.
Takeda et al., Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Nov;124(5):975-81.e1
Allergen Challenge on Airway Smooth Muscle and Airway Remodeling
New study by James Martin and Anne-Marie Lauzon examines how repeated exposure to allergens impacts the airways in asthma using a rat model. They found that allergen exposure caused the airway smooth muscle to thicken due to increased cell growth. This thickening temporarily reduced the muscle’s ability to contract effectively, but the changes largely reversed within a week after allergen exposure stopped. Labonté et al., Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Oct;297(4):L698-705.
Increased Expression of IL-33 in Severe Asthma
The findings by Qutayba Hamid, James Martin, and Ronald Olivenstein shed light on the role of IL-33 in severe asthma, suggesting that it could be a marker of inflammation or a potential target for new treatments, especially for patients who do not respond well to traditional steroid therapies. Préfontaine et al., J Immunol. 2009 Oct 15;183(8):5094-103.
New role for mTOR
Researcher in the Arnold Kristof lab found that when mTOR is inactivated, it strengthens the activity of STAT1, which plays a crucial role in controlling genes involved in inflammation and cell death. By targeting the interaction between mTOR and STAT1, therapies may boost or suppress immune responses more precisely. Fielhaber et al., J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 4;284(36):24341-53.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Severe Asthma
Research by John Kimoff, Qutayba Hamid, Ronald Olivenstein, and James Martin found that obstructive sleep apnea is much more common in individuals with severe asthma compared to those with moderate asthma or no asthma at all. Julien et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Aug;124(2):371-6.
Lack of CFTR Affects Skeletal Muscles and the Diaphragm
CFTR plays a role in regulating calcium levels and controlling inflammation in muscle cells. Without CFTR, muscle cells experience abnormal calcium levels, excessive inflammation, and activation of pathways that lead to muscle wasting. This discovery by Basil Petrof highlights a connection between CFTR deficiency and muscle dysfunction, beyond the well-known lung-related issues in Cystic Fibrosis. Divangahi et al., PLoS Genet. 2009 Jul;5(7):e1000586.
Airway Remodeling in Patients with Severe Asthma
This study by James Martin, Qutayba Hamid, and Ronald Olivenstein explores the differences in airway structure and inflammation in people with severe asthma. They found that individuals with persistent obstruction tend to have thicker airway smooth muscle and more severe airway remodeling, which may contribute to their reduced lung function. Interestingly, both groups showed significant inflammation. Kaminska et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Jul;124(1):45-51.e1-4.
Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Human Airway Epithelial Cells
Work by Simon Rousseau identified signaling pathways that control the production of IL-8 and RANTES, which are produced when cells detect bacterial or viral threats. These messengers attract immune cells to fight infections, but can also drive inflammation in chronic lung diseases. This work highlights a new understanding of lung inflammation and could lead to therapies that minimize harmful inflammation while preserving the lung’s ability to fight infections. Bérubé et al., Cell Signal. 2009 Mar;21(3):448-56.
How Smooth Muscle Contributes to Asthma
Research by Anne-Marie Lauzon and Qutayba Hamid investigates how airway smooth muscle contributes to asthma. The study found that muscle proteins, such as myosin and transgelin, are overproduced in asthma. These changes lead to faster muscle contraction, making the airways more likely to narrow excessively, a hallmark of asthma. Léguillette et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Feb 1;179(3):194-204.
2008
EGR-1 is a Critical Player in Blood Vessel Development
New research from Sabah Hussain explores how Early Growth Response-1 (EGR-1) helps drive the formation of blood vessels. They found that Egr-1 is activated by Angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1), which plays a key role in encouraging blood vessel cells to grow, migrate, and form new structures. Abdel-Malak et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009 Feb;29(2):209-16. Epub 2008 Dec 26.
CC Family Chemokines Play a Direct Role in Repairing Skeletal Muscle After Injury
This discovery by the Basil Petrof lab reveals a previously unrecognized role for CC chemokines in muscle regeneration, offering new insights into how our bodies heal from muscle injuries. It also suggests potential therapeutic strategies for conditions like muscular dystrophies or other muscle-wasting diseases, where boosting muscle repair could improve outcomes. Yahiaoui et al., J Physiol. 2008 Aug 15;586(16):3991-4004.
NADPH Oxidase Fuels Muscle Repair
Work by Sabah Hussain and Basil Petrof shows that NADPH oxidase, a protein complex in muscle cells, plays a critical role in repairing muscle injuries by promoting the growth of skeletal muscle precursor cells, which are adult stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. These findings highlight NADPH oxidase as a key regulator of muscle repair, suggesting that targeting this pathway could improve muscle healing and regeneration in conditions involving injury or muscle loss. Mofarrahi et al., Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008 Mar;10(3):559-74.
Bone Health in Cystic Fibrosis Mice
Mice lacking the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein showed persistent osteopenia, a condition of weakened bones with reduced density, The findings by the Christina Haston group reveal that CFTR deficiency directly impacts bone development, causing thinner bone walls and fewer supporting structures. Haston et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Feb 1;177(3):309-15.
Unraveling Inflammatory Signals Through the TPL2-MKK1/2-ERK1/2 Pathway
Work by Simon Rousseau shows how the TPL2-MKK1/2-ERK1/2 protein pathway plays a critical role in inflammation. The findings provide insight into a promising drug target for inflammatory diseases. By focusing on TPL2, researchers could develop treatments that minimize inflammation without affecting other essential immune functions. This work represents a step toward precision therapies for chronic inflammatory conditions. Rousseau et al., J Cell Sci. 2008 Jan 15;121(Pt 2):149-54.
2007
Innovative Treatment for Asthma: Targeting Allergic Responses at the Source
Elizabeth Fixman developed a novel therapy for allergic asthma and rhinitis using a specially designed cell-penetrating peptide, STAT-6-IP. This peptide targets the STAT-6 protein, a key player in the immune response that drives inflammation, mucus production, and airway hyper-responsiveness associated with asthma. STAT-6-IP effectively reduced inflammation, suppressed mucus production, and prevented airway narrowing in mouse models of mild and severe asthma. This approach represents a promising step toward precision therapies for asthma and related allergic diseases. McCusker et al., J Immunol. 2007 Aug 15;179(4):2556-64.
1972
Meakins-Christie Laboratories Founded
The Meakins-Christie Laboratories for Respiratory Research was officially opened in August 1972. From the beginning, the laboratories were designed to be interdisciplinary, and physiologists, physicians, epidemiologists, pathologists, radiologists, and biomedical engineers were invited to participate.